All Entries in the "SSL" Category
Generate SSL key and CSR with OpenSSL
It is really easy to generate SSL key and CSR using OpenSSL, and the next several steps will guide you trough the process.
If you are on Linux server, OpenSSL can be downloaded from here: OpenSSL source – or you can use your package management software like YUM install or apt-get. For Windows users, you can use: Win32OpenSSL.
Once you have OpenSSL installed, we can generate SSL certificate key
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openssl genrsa -rand /var/log/messages:/var/log/messages.1:/var/log/messages.10.gz -out www.freetutorialssubmit.com 2048 |
The following will appear:
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2199 semi-random bytes loaded Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus .+++ ................................................................................................................................+++ e is 65537 (0x10001) |
The above command will generate SSL key using ‘-rand’ option with few big files for sources and 2048 encryption. The reason of using some big files with ‘-rand’ option is because there are no absolute random generation with computers – but that is different story. Recently the minimum allowed encryption by the SSL issuers is 2048 bits so make sure you will generate your key with this number or with 4096 bit SSL key.
There is another command which can be used :
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openssl genrsa -des3 -out www.freetutorialssubmit.com.key 2048 |
After executing it, the output will be:
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Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus ..................................................+++ ........................................................+++ e is 65537 (0x10001) Enter pass phrase for www.freetutorialssubmit.com.key: Verifying - Enter pass phrase for www.freetutorialssubmit.com.key: |
When you generate SSL key with this command will require password, which is good when the key is transported, but once set on a Web Server it will ask for a password every time it is restarted. If you have chosen this method, the next command will remove the SSL key password.
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openssl rsa -in ww.freetutorialssubmit.com.key -out ww.freetutorialssubmit.com.no_key |
If you open the SSL key file it should be similar to this one:
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-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY----- MIIEowIBAAKCAQEAxw/rAvWL8H2T+y9ysEZ+dimX0tcnmOLpsKiw+y8UxJL7xmij tK/mQuXmlKsAKX28V3NdgWf0EDGkax3TgbAArt8KouynTZs1cP/0hC1wmyC7Y285 NXwSbi/RNZG1thwUg5m0JFrwExPtC6yFz5dPUb/RpwqZ5gRlPSfdK8vC3DVgBwcR B2cr7TEy9G98UQEg1ZphHb+8BN8huhy5h4CeHvGtqAdRe9u7o8kP1ZJ2sTsfQjW8 WDQp+DvZXMC20rv+TmE2OsR3qsc9ytrpcZEJsMaXeInhSj64jvI5aS9B4jNnEHK2 Km/wGqqZ9sbg3a6YQaLY+oa+04t40uZB+/AEAwIDAQABAoIBAGeJ+AtJ/MfSCa6V N2pIwG5lo/qevpHfNP4WQDfmfT7h1OOWec/5ziLtwcmCSEtMgzJZZ0Fv+JqTt5mf oevKyBAtIzMrNLpBCMMF3wEBQZjupYlKyM7xAgUeCgt7BrD6WhE5WWGviz/hFWMF EXSwlylGRJ5F/VaO4rm0im3FRk2S6pu1aV2MXDGBMV6bTM2FblJ47wenBY2zy8YC tLkG5EoFiLH8fSvyLsiqEaGANXs+sBLFNcokDQVhuwmZcl8h4eUrPW/fB5wzyM3z 5SH8K8Gx2AcfU5ovwu+YV2vIDy5hy98iJwTsG13YWTruB8nDhQ0DcAqRAdkCJdPb f1Utn0ECgYEA64BDx8ynjE3fVMPCpHyMGtmX9r8hCW3W2Pc78VFvaX8UfxaqFHrH vMfaJrjCaI9Kebf80eT/MgF7r0wMPjuJN/TlOdTzpvcrWBDD3ipcnv6rvGNoYoYk 7ihPleTvqLyD3albpT1luXtPbMZmPTogpY4ycuWcuaC2bis8XpMdKl0CgYEA2GOt FBjCrKz6QABlYfJ68UHyqc85XS5c/FOAZMBInonND2PYSbzkc7Fj7cWfhLRDWgI4 2f43vRMtgaL3MJxVUB6grNQmEoZX6NaIVNTsVoZihJ7WrOVcFItRx1pv0e8vnCP+ 7Yu/SqyqfSFsVZjGffY+fpv3NGf5CcTK2SF4wd8CgYAJUkBcjisrkIGAd2ci35Mk FOzA5XvHRcO1PsPun0yLnm4PQbRlrx5syHRICBQZ02IdQz0MicXYEtr0a0wowm6B +n2ANn+WYj4i9DbsejzERkxB3qVpEOoxSwMraa5avWtywJtSBQYbu1e/dHLjhYN5 ShGRHql/Z28RGUEAdU44OQKBgQDCqDALkxaVFWptZq3NBb95BnVQMp0M6Oc3CbrH Z34sOBRi0tO/yY/NT3dwbsXIMA0ijDsuRxVHHlhidQJfFVNdpp+tuY6iPX4Zc9vi TERqtassWGMP16gUxxuC9SUAOmWe1Xa/pGYpu9gGhqmY+r0clQa1CILB/wI1unUs DINACwKBgAPLLSKkbwB8xS86F8ukmmLTHSaQJrVl5CMUdJDaz+6tnjwuuiNBjgiV 3/d0Kd8BKUsnJyHU2zHVtW1RhrvWLJAL2kBFASTnQTb3Ggw26fnIhz1nevu+e0AM shzXKHZVqH6gnUNdOTIZIMypdp5cDqlLR80U0quD+/K3CHB032p3 -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY----- |
Now to generate CSR from a key use OpenSSL with this options:
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openssl req -new -key www.freetutorialssubmit.com.key -out www.freetutorialssubmit.com.csr |
You will be asked few questions for the certificate:
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You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter '.', the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:US State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:California Locality Name (eg, city) []:San Diego Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:Freetuts Ltd. Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Security Common Name (eg, YOUR name) []:www.freetutorialssubmit.com Email Address []:admin@freetutorialssubmit.com Please enter the following 'extra' attributes to be sent with your certificate request A challenge password []: An optional company name []: |
When you are ready with the CSR information, and you open the CSR file, it should look similar to this:
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-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST----- MIIC+zCCAeMCAQAwgbUxCzAJBgNVBAYTAlVTMRMwEQYDVQQIEwpDYWxpZm9ybmlh MRIwEAYDVQQHEwlTYW4gRGllZ28xFjAUBgNVBAoTDUZyZWVUdXRzIEx0ZC4xETAP BgNVBAsTCFNlY3VyaXR5MSQwIgYDVQQDExt3d3cuZnJlZXR1dG9yaWFsc3N1Ym1p dC5jb20xLDAqBgkqhkiG9w0BCQEWHWFkbWluQGZyZWV0dXRvcmlhbHNzdWJtaXQu Y29tMIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAxw/rAvWL8H2T+y9y sEZ+dimX0tcnmOLpsKiw+y8UxJL7xmijtK/mQuXmlKsAKX28V3NdgWf0EDGkax3T gbAArt8KouynTZs1cP/0hC1wmyC7Y285NXwSbi/RNZG1thwUg5m0JFrwExPtC6yF z5dPUb/RpwqZ5gRlPSfdK8vC3DVgBwcRB2cr7TEy9G98UQEg1ZphHb+8BN8huhy5 h4CeHvGtqAdRe9u7o8kP1ZJ2sTsfQjW8WDQp+DvZXMC20rv+TmE2OsR3qsc9ytrp cZEJsMaXeInhSj64jvI5aS9B4jNnEHK2Km/wGqqZ9sbg3a6YQaLY+oa+04t40uZB +/AEAwIDAQABoAAwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQADggEBAA+j9DGYVSPthNn/zwy43kFv bcXborvJXbU0AxJwFlHkMnHd5kCzX7lxWnca7KRTbyYsWgE8gPyTgdajPp7iCdpa L5lIciGtlnhOo6AXvKG8SV92En37YBY5geNDRYFbyQuLkC2lXKdTuHUoxck4QKPV 57nHQzckCc2bma8sbC0evo2upxt2XK3yGWB+PQHF1GlkXg1emx/Xmen/7DMoudbR tcBY1EwCqRfoYT3dieYII9+4NwmZ3OCPHDNx68k8jBatY5EWIMxMUCZv7hRwUPoX WFC7+kIAheXb/eul6kbIW0olTblXH+jPGUPwh2MSIEXKZTubpQLeZP/fWTuiWao= -----END CERTIFICATE REQUEST----- |
Now provide the CSR to a certificate issuer and wait for the SSL approval message.
Most SSL issuers have service that relies upon the Subscriber or the Subscriber’s authorized administrator to approve all certificate requests for all hosts in the domain. It is important that you will select a correct authorized administrator email. By selecting an authorized administrator, you warrant to the certificate issuer that the individual is authorized to approve the request. The request for SSL server certificate will not be processed beyond this point if you select an incorrect email address.
This part is important and it is a part of the SSL certificate issue process. Its purpose is to avoid someone else to have a certificate issued for your domain.
Be peppered with the following allowed e-mails:
Registered Domain Contacts – This is when the SSL issuer has successfully obtained domain contacts for this domain from the domain registrar. This will be the
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Registered Domain Admin contact Registered Domain Tech contact |
Alternate Approval Email Addresses can be used, but you must make sure that such e-mail account has been set up and is available before you provide the CSR, or the approval email will not be delivered.
Level 2 Domain Addresses as bellow are allowed:
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admin@freetutorialssubmit.com administrator@freetutorialssubmit.com hostmaster@freetutorialssubmit.com root@freetutorialssubmit.com webmaster@freetutorialssubmit.com postmaster@freetutorialssubmit.com |
Level 3 Domain Addresses as bellow are allowed:
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admin@www.freetutorialssubmit.com administrator@www.freetutorialssubmit.com hostmaster@www.freetutorialssubmit.com root@www.freetutorialssubmit.com webmaster@www.freetutorialssubmit.com postmaster@www.freetutorialssubmit.com |
Once you have received and approve the SSL certificate, it will be sent to you and you can install it on your web server.
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Extract certificates from P7B
This will be quick tutorial about how to convert P7B to certificate. Actually we will extract certificates from PKCS #7 file using OpenSSL.
Here I have to mention one issue which is really often met and it is with the beginning and the end of the certificate provided. It depends on the OpenSSL version, but for now if the beginning and the end of the certificate are like:
—–BEGIN PKCS #7 SIGNED DATA—-
and
—–END PKCS #7 SIGNED DATA—–
will lead to the following error when you try to extract the SSL certificates:
error:0906D06C:PEM routines:PEM_read_bio:no start line:pem_lib.c:644:Expecting: PKCS7 .
Let’s examine P7B certificate to see how to avoid such error.
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-----BEGIN PKCS #7 SIGNED DATA----- MIAGCSqGSIb3DQEHAqCAMIACAQExADALBgkqhkiG9w0BBwGggDCCBiAwggUIoAMC AQICEDY7d91JCeFxkYLcRtsAntUwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQAwgboxCzAJBgNVBAYT AlVTMRcwFQYDVQQKEw5WZXJpU2lnbiwgSW5jLjEfMB0GA1UECxMWVmVyaVNpZ24g VHJ1c3QgTmV0d29yazE7MDkGA1UECxMyVGVybXMgb2YgdXNlIGF0IGh0dHBzOi8v [...] AAOBgQATAt346IYA8lr4+CAMWYhiB87O9075u1mhmOXhON1OvGYY063rGPINyW0+ SpQgwzy6vWVUxq9EsxCtLGs+q9cHtriBY8X5Xi7lKmfOzTMMKteJVgMjH7O+6DoI WbTsRTX3ilv/Zs9Qr8ZtV40ZeLe5otFX6h+aS6+6yY4Sfsa9/wAAMQAAAAAAAAA= -----END PKCS #7 SIGNED DATA----- |
Your certificate could be much longer as digits, but I put […] to shorten the listing on mine. Anyway if your certificate has the same beginning and end, you should change it to:
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-----BEGIN PKCS7----- MIAGCSqGSIb3DQEHAqCAMIACAQExADALBgkqhkiG9w0BBwGggDCCBiAwggUIoAMC AQICEDY7d91JCeFxkYLcRtsAntUwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQAwgboxCzAJBgNVBAYT AlVTMRcwFQYDVQQKEw5WZXJpU2lnbiwgSW5jLjEfMB0GA1UECxMWVmVyaVNpZ24g VHJ1c3QgTmV0d29yazE7MDkGA1UECxMyVGVybXMgb2YgdXNlIGF0IGh0dHBzOi8v d3d3LnZlcmlzaWduLmNvbS9ycGEgKGMpMDYxNDAyBgNVBAMTK1ZlcmlTaWduIENs YXNzIDMgRXh0ZW5kZWQgVmFsaWRhdGlvbiBTU0wgQ0EwHhcNMTEwNzE4MDAwMDAw WhcNMTMwOTEzMjM1OTU5WjCCAQwxEzARBgsrBgEEAYI3PAIBAxMCVVMxFzAVBgsr BgEEAYI3PAIBAhQGTmV2YWRhMR0wGwYDVQQPExRQcml2YXRlIE9yZ2FuaXphdGlv [...] L29jc3AudmVyaXNpZ24uY29tMD4GA1UdJQQ3MDUGCCsGAQUFBwMBBggrBgEFBQcD AgYIKwYBBQUHAwMGCWCGSAGG+EIEAQYKYIZIAYb4RQEIATANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUF AAOBgQATAt346IYA8lr4+CAMWYhiB87O9075u1mhmOXhON1OvGYY063rGPINyW0+ SpQgwzy6vWVUxq9EsxCtLGs+q9cHtriBY8X5Xi7lKmfOzTMMKteJVgMjH7O+6DoI WbTsRTX3ilv/Zs9Qr8ZtV40ZeLe5otFX6h+aS6+6yY4Sfsa9/wAAMQAAAAAAAAA= -----END PKCS7----- |
I have changed:
—–BEGIN PKCS #7 SIGNED DATA—-
and
—–END PKCS #7 SIGNED DATA—–
to
—–BEGIN PKCS7—–
and
—–END PKCS7—–
in order to accommodate the OpenSSL “Expecting: PKCS7”
Now we can run the OpenSSL command which will extract PKCS7 certificates from the P7B file .
Note: this command works for both Linux and Windows machines with installed OpenSSL.
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openssl pkcs7 -print_certs -in pkcs7.p7b -out pem.cer |
The output which prints the stored in the p7b file certificates will be similar to this one:
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subject=/1.2.5.1.4.1.211.70.1.1.2=US/1.2.5.1.4.1.211.70.1.2.1=California/1.2.2.16=Private Organization/serialNumber=ADC1117-2990/C=US/ST=California/L=SAN/O=Free Tutorials Submit/OU=Terms of use at www.verisign.com/rpa (c)05/CN=www.freetutorialssubmit.com issuer=/C=US/O=VeriSign, Inc./OU=VeriSign Trust Network/OU=Terms of use at https://www.verisign.com/rpa (c)06/CN=VeriSign Class 3 Extended Validation SSL CA -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- MIIGIDCCBQigAwIBAgIQNjt33UkJ4XGRgtxG2wCe1TANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADCB ujELMAkGA1UEBhMCVVMxFzAVBgNVBAoTDlZlcmlTaWduLCBJbmMuMR8wHQYDVQQL ExZWZXJpU2lnbiBUcnVzdCBOZXR3b3JrMTswOQYDVQQLEzJUZXJtcyBvZiB1c2Ug YXQgaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudmVyaXNpZ24uY29tL3JwYSAoYykwNjE0MDIGA1UEAxMr VmVyaVNpZ24gQ2xhc3MgMyBFeHRlbmRlZCBWYWxpZGF0aW9uIFNTTCBDQTAeFw0x MTA3MTgwMDAwMDBaFw0xMzA5MTMyMzU5NTlaMIIBDDETMBEGCysGAQQBgjc8AgED [...] XzBu+ESs8n2l05PoEFjJvPQxdEA8EE17CC5XgMlgUytAZC008h4uuWWEoZysg28Q Z4j4PYDgJGG63REO17NQuJmosC65l75EXDSyjjkw1kpGDQAV6sSnWvr9M7gViomt WzYZMLArtGEApLgLyROz4tm4F+8jUe1JA0j/GL0jc2CQakT9LoOqwTBqRuiNFZEL Pg3XDuN1J42j8Dfs3XNFwIJQy4umOD0zy1TzTmwi8wTddQ86ahgMQXP4ex2LWoSe zXcVUYZ8aal4C5RulEezv2i5j7cnWzhSRxFhZPxaUfz3E5KL -----END CERTIFICATE----- subject=/C=US/O=VeriSign, Inc./OU=VeriSign Trust Network/OU=Terms of use at https://www.verisign.com/rpa (c)06/CN=VeriSign Class 3 Extended Validation SSL CA issuer=/C=US/O=VeriSign, Inc./OU=VeriSign Trust Network/OU=(c) 2006 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only/CN=VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G5 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- MIIF5DCCBMygAwIBAgIQW3dZxheE4V7HJ8AylSkoazANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADCB yjELMAkGA1UEBhMCVVMxFzAVBgNVBAoTDlZlcmlTaWduLCBJbmMuMR8wHQYDVQQL ExZWZXJpU2lnbiBUcnVzdCBOZXR3b3JrMTowOAYDVQQLEzEoYykgMjAwNiBWZXJp U2lnbiwgSW5jLiAtIEZvciBhdXRob3JpemVkIHVzZSBvbmx5MUUwQwYDVQQDEzxW ZXJpU2lnbiBDbGFzcyAzIFB1YmxpYyBQcmltYXJ5IENlcnRpZmljYXRpb24gQXV0 [...] 5rDFV0OEst4t8dD2SB8UcVeyrDHhlyQjyRNddOVG7wl8nuGZMQoIeRuPcZ8XZsg4 z+6Ml7YGuXNG5NOUweVgtSV1LdlpMezNlsOjdv3odESsErlNv1HoudRETifLriDR fip8tmNHnna6l9AW5wtsbfdDbzMLKTB3+p359U64drPNGLT5IO892+bKrZvQTtKH qQ2mRHNQ3XBb7a1+Srwi1agm5MKFIA3Z -----END CERTIFICATE----- subject=/C=US/O=VeriSign, Inc./OU=VeriSign Trust Network/OU=(c) 2006 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only/CN=VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G5 issuer=/C=US/O=VeriSign, Inc./OU=Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- MIIE0DCCBDmgAwIBAgIQJQzo4DBhLp8rifcFTXz4/TANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADBf MQswCQYDVQQGEwJVUzEXMBUGA1UEChMOVmVyaVNpZ24sIEluYy4xNzA1BgNVBAsT LkNsYXNzIDMgUHVibGljIFByaW1hcnkgQ2VydGlmaWNhdGlvbiBBdXRob3JpdHkw HhcNMDYxMTA4MDAwMDAwWhcNMjExMTA3MjM1OTU5WjCByjELMAkGA1UEBhMCVVMx [...] A4GBABMC3fjohgDyWvj4IAxZiGIHzs73Tvm7WaGY5eE43U68ZhjTresY8g3JbT5K lCDDPLq9ZVTGr0SzEK0saz6r1we2uIFjxfleLuUqZ87NMwwq14lWAyMfs77oOghZ tOxFNfeKW/9mz1Cvxm1XjRl4t7mi0VfqH5pLr7rJjhJ+xr3/ -----END CERTIFICATE----- |
All this certificates will be stored into the pem.cer file as per the example. The first one is the certificate itself and the following two are CAs signing the certificate.
Another useful option is if you want to merge SSL certificate and key into PFX file
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Compare SSL certificate and key matches with OpenSSL
This tutorial will show you how to compare SSL certificate and key matches using Open SSL. The original example is from ‘SSL/TLS Strong Encryption: FAQ’ where is answered the question: How do I verify that a private key matches its Certificate?
Sometimes clients that I am working it, request their certificates in order to move a site to different server.
For example when a customer’s business is grown up and he is moving their site from Shared Hosting to Dedicated Hosting. Then it appears that the last guy who used to install the certificate and forgot to leave it in the server certificate repository. Or just a key is left without actual date and the certificate has to be extracted for example from PFX file as in Extract SSL certificate and key from PFX file.
Anyway in case you have a situation and you are not sure whether certificate and key match, whit the next command using OpenSLL you can find out.
Open SSL can be downloaded and installed from a Linux server repository, or the source can be taken from here: OpenSSL. Also you can use the Windows version: OpenSSL for Windows.
To check that the public key in your cert matches the public portion of your private key, you need to view the cert and the key and compare the numbers provided after the execution of the OpenSSL command:
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Renew Windows SSL certificate when no key available
This tutorial along with Extract SSL certificate and key from PFX file will help you to migrate renew Windows SSL certificate when no certificate key is available.
Here a key factor is how your certificate was installed. In Migrate (move) SSL certificate from Windows to Linux we discussed how you will not be able to export a certificate if ‘Mark this key as exportable‘ option is not checked during the certificate installation.
Well I hope your case is not the one I described, otherwise the only options are to ask the certificate authority for the key, or to purchase new certificate.
In order to have your Windows SSL renewed, there are three steps that must be accomplished:
1. The existing Windows SSL certificate must be exported. If you are not aware of the process, please read Export PFX file in Windows from IIS or Active Directory .
2. The exported PFX certificate must be separated to SSL certificate and key: This is the first tutorial I mentioned: Extract SSL certificate and key from PFX file
3. And the final part will be to merge the new certificate with the exported key, which you can read how, can be done in: Merge SSL certificate and key in PFX file.
Once the certificate is merged in PFX file, login to the Windows server where you have to set it for the domain.
Depending on the server configuration you have to put the certificate into the active directory Certificate repository.
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Merge SSL certificate and key in PFX file
This tutorial will show you how to merge SSL certificate and key in PFX file. This is useful in case when you are migrate SSL certificate from Linux to Windows server, or if you Renew Windows SSL certificate when no key available.
For that purpose I am going to use tool called Open SSL that you may install from the Linux server repository, or take the source from here: OpenSSL. Also you can use the Windows version: OpenSSL for Windows.
OpenSSL is an open source implementation of the SSL and TLS protocols. The core library (written in the C programming language) implements the basic cryptographic functions and provides various utility functions.
Often I am using it also to create self-signed certificates for Linux and also for Windows – when again I have to merge the certificate and the key.
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Extract SSL certificate and key from PFX file
In this tutorial I will show you how to extract SSL certificate and key from PFX file and also how to remove a password from a private SSL key.
If you have landed on this tutorial and do not have PFX certificate file please visit: Migrate (move) SSL certificate from Windows to Linux.
The certificate extraction can be done with a tool called Open SSL that you may install from the Linux server repository, or take the source from here: OpenSSL. Also you can use the Windows version: OpenSSL for Windows.
Once you have it installed go to the folder where the PFX certificate is located and execute the following commands:
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Migrate (move) SSL certificate from Windows to Linux
Often, people who are not familiar with hosting servers, to be enticed by sales agents to buy new SLL certificates, because \"It is not possible to be migrated from Windows to Linux\".
With this tutorial I will show you how to move existing SSL certificate from Windows to Linux server.
Here I have to say that this tutorial will work, only if the certificate was installed with this option checked: ‘Mark this key as exportable. This will allow you to back up or transport your keys at a later time.’ Check the screen-shoot bellow to see what I mean: